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Benchmarking Methodologies

Benchmarking The process has four phases: Planning, Analysis, Integration and Action.

Planning Phase
The objective of this phase is to plan investigations Benchmarking.Los essential steps are the same as those of any development plans: why, who and how .
1. Identify what is going to have to Benchmarking. The key is to identify the result of a production process or service. It is important to document business processes and view performance appraisal systems, because they measure variables can represent the variables critical business which should be applied Benchmarking.
2. Identify comparable companies. This step is of utmost importance consider what type of benchmarking study is to apply domestic competitive, functional or generic, recalling that regardless of the type of study, should seek companies with the best practices compare with them. To identify these companies can use bases public data, business associations and other sources as limited only by the ingenuity of the investigator.
3. The method for data collection. The information obtained can be :

• I nformation internal. results of product analysis, sources of information own and use of information obtained in previous studies.
• public domain information. comes from libraries, professional associations or trade , consultants or experts and external studies.
• Direct Search. The information is obtained through questionnaires direct or mail surveys telephone, etc..
• direct visitors. are of paramount importance, and therefore we should try to get the most out of them, so we do preparation thereof, to establish appropriate contacts in other companies , an itinerary planning the visit and sharing sessions of information between companies.

Analysis Phase
After determining what, who and how, they have to carry out the collection and analysis of data.
4. Determine current performance gap. This step determines the difference of our operations with those of partners and Benchmarking determines the gap between them. There are three possible outcomes are :

• negative gap. means that the external practices are better.
• Operations parity. means there are no significant differences in practices.
• positive gap. internal practices are higher so the Benchmarking is based on the interim findings.

5. Project future performance levels. Once defined the performance gaps is necessary to provide a projection of levels of future performance.

Phase
Integration Integration is the process of using the findings of Benchmarking for operational targets for change. Includes careful planning to incorporate new existing practices and ensuring that findings are incorporated into all processes.
6. Communicate benchmarking findings and gain acceptance. The findings Benchmarking must be communicated to all levels of the company to get support and commitment. It is important to establish a communication strategy and show the Benchmarking as a change initiative to demonstrate best practices and explain how they operate.
7. Establish functional goals. It seeks to establish functional goals on the findings of the Benchmarking, and turn these goals into action early to change the methods and practices so that closing the achievement gap exists.

Action Phase
has to be converted into action the findings of the Benchmarking and principles of action based on them. You also have to create a periodic measurement and evaluation achievement.
8. Develop action plans. At this point are two main considerations.
The first deals with the tasks in the planning of the action, which are related to the what, how, who and when. Specifically include

• specification of the task. Define
• phases of the task.
• Allocation of resource requirements.
• Establishment of the program.
• Determination of responsibilities.
• Expected results.
• Supervision.

The second part relates to individuals and behavioral aspects of implementing change.
9. Implement specific actions and monitor progress. This implementation can be done through options such as project management appointing a person responsible for implementing the program. In is equally important to monitor the process and report progress to help increase the success of benchmarking.
10. Benchmarking reset levels. This step aims to keep updated reference levels in a market with changing conditions so as to ensure excellent performance.

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Introduction Businesses have to compete not only with others of its region, but are presented with a growing competition with other companies in different places and countries. Thus companies must find ways that direct them towards higher productivity and quality in order to be more competitive. One of these tools or formulas is Benchmarking.
There are various approaches and methods for benchmarking, with different steps and phases of the study, which can bring about different types of companies depending on the structure, size, resources, etc. each of them.
Xerox Corporation in 1979 began a process called benchmarking competitive industrial operations to consider unit production costs.
were made comparisons of selected products, and also the capacity and features work of copying competitors disarming mechanical components for analysis. These early stages of Benchmarking was focused on carrying out comparisons of the quality and characteristics of products.

Due to the success of identifying new processes by competitors, the new components of manufacturing and production costs, the company decreed that all business units use the Benchmarking.

therefore changed Benchmarking oriented vision internal comparison processes and that began to see the importance of seeing the processes and competitive products, as well as consider other activities other than production and sales, after sales service, etc.
Benchmarking Subsequent developments led to the use of it as a way to discover the best operating practices, not the closest competitors but wherever it exists.

Concept
Benchmarking Based on the experience and successes of the early application of benchmarking techniques to the manufacturing area, Benchmarking was conceived as a continuous process of measuring products, services and practices against the toughest competitors or those companies recognized as industry leaders, emphasizing the continuity of the process, the use of metric benchmarking in the implementation of all facets of business and the use reference of the companies that are leaders in their sector. Benchmarking
This concept has evolved into one focused on finding the best industry practices that lead to optimal performance. It Benchmarking measurements are seen as the result of understanding the best practices, not something that can be quantified first and understand later. Focuses on achieving excellent performance, best practices, best of its kind, the best of its kind. It is a definition which is a proactive and positive effort and calculated to obtain the cooperation of partners in the benchmarking.

aspects and types
Benchmarking Benchmarking is presented as a tool for improving practices in business to become more competitive in a market increasingly difficult. There are aspects and categories of Benchmarking is important to review.

• Quality : In this regard, the Benchmarking can be very important for compare how other companies create and manage their quality systems besides can be used from a quality standpoint as to the perceived quality by customers, which is determined by the relationship with the client .
  can also see this aspect according to what is called relative quality standards, which refers to design systems to ensure that the resulting quality of meet the same specifications and predetermined standards, which what can be done through reviewing the design and development process, processes of production and distribution and support processes such as accounting.
• Productivity: Productivity Benchmarking is the search for excellence in the areas that control input resources, and productivity can be expressed by production volume and consumption of resources, whether operating costs or capital .
• Time: The study of time, like quality, symbolizes the direction industrial development in recent years. Faster flows in sales, management, production and distribution have received greater attention as a potential factor improved productivity and competition. The development of programs aimed over time has shown a spectacular profit cut delivery times.

There are several categories or types of Benchmarking, from which point you can the following:

Internal Benchmarking In most companies have multiple divisions or subsidiaries functions are similar in different operating units. One investigation Benchmarking easier to compare these internal operations. There is data and information easily and there are no confidentiality issues. data and information can be as broad and comprehensive as desired. This first step in investigations of Benchmarking is an excellent base to discover not only differences but also to focus attention on critical issues .

Competitive Benchmarking direct competitors products or services are those to whom it is most obvious perform the Benchmarking. Must comply with all comparability tests to show what are the advantages and disadvantages compare between competitors. One of the aspects to consider is the difficulty in obtaining information on the operations of competitors.

functional Benchmarking is necessary to focus not only on competitors direct products. is possible to identify functional competitors or industry leaders for use in benchmarking even if they are dissimilar sectors. This type of benchmarking has proved productive, as promoted in interest in research and data sharing, because not have the problem of confidentiality of information between dissimilar companies and may even be interest to understand the practices in another environment.

Generic Benchmarking Some functions or business processes are the same regardless in dissimilar industries, such as order fulfillment. The benefit of this form of benchmarking, the purest, is that you can find practices and methods that are not implemented in the investigator's own industry.

This research has the potential to reveal the best of the best practices . The major difficulty is to have objectivity and receptivity by the researcher. The best proof of the possibility of implementing it follows from the fact that technology has been tested and is in use everywhere. Generic Benchmarking requires a thorough understanding of the process generic. Benchmarking is the most difficult concept to implementation, but probably has the greatest long-term performance.

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Benchmarking Corporate Management: Towards A New Paradigm

Summary
future society becomes ever more present, their longer-term trends, which can be noticed, we suggest that the current information revolution profoundly impact the economy and transform the business organization Current Business Management making new ways to take the road towards a new paradigm.
The most significant and permanent effects of society towards which we move to be seen, but I can say that the dominant factor is the rapidly increasing elderly population and the decline in the younger generation, knowledge workers be the dominant group in its workforce, electronic commerce is the most significant challenge and the impact of these and other trends of the future society, the economy will change the current organization of the institutions, giving rise to a new paradigm in Management. The new paradigm
Business Management will be based on personnel management policies totally different from today, the most important for the management of the institution will be out of it. To exist and prosper, every organization will have to become an agent of change and new technology will be the main agent for economic change.

Introduction
future society becomes ever more present, their longer-term trends, which can be noticed and can be analyzed from the point of view of the paradoxical logic would indicate that the As in the two revolutions industry that preceded it, the current technological revolution profoundly impact society and as part of it, information technology, the economy will transform the current business organization making the business management to adopt new ways, on the way towards a new paradigm.
The macro trends that are seen in the future society will impact the organization or nonprofit and paradoxes that emerge from these, shows us the path that takes you to a new paradigm for the management of institutions and challenges to be faced by the executive in this new environment. Undoubtedly
the gap between nations and within nations between info-rich and the rest will deepen and forecasting of future society is a primary requirement to look for ways to shorten the distance between the two sides to make a better world is possible.

Future Society

Many of the most important and lasting effects of that move society towards more developed countries are to be seen, but I can say that the most significant trend is the rapid increase aging population and decreasing younger generation. This is a consequence of increased life expectancy of the population and a birth rate lower than the replacement, which is 2.2 births per woman of childbearing age (minimum indicator for the increasing population of a country). You can also say that its main features are:

• information as a result of new technologies for processing travel very easily, do not recognize borders.
• Upward mobility, available to all under easy to acquire formal education especially at a distance. Same
• potential for success and failure as a result of which anyone can acquire the "means of production", ie the knowledge required for the job, but not all succeed.
• organizations be they companies or nonprofit institutions need to be globally competitive
• but remain local in their activities, because thanks to Internet users will be informed that exists in the world and with that efficiency and effectiveness.

These features together become more strongly competitive people in the society of the future or KNOWLEDGE. For the individual this means that to stay competitive must continue to learn and work as long as health permits.

knowledge society.

Knowledge Society in its factor dominant "THE RAPID INCREASE OF THE POPULATION OF OLDER AND RAPID DECLINE OF THE YOUNGER GENERATION", will make the migration from poor to rich countries to increase as a balancing factor, already seen this trend in which immigrants undesirable become necessary.

The most important resource in any institution it is this knowledge and knowledge workers are the dominant population group active in the Knowledge Society. The older population will continue to work as health allows, he will temporarily or part time, work as consultants or special. Most people over 50 years working for an organization it will not be used, retaining in employment of older people will become increasingly imperative for they are the ones with the most important asset of the institution.
The growth of the older population and their continued active work in conjunction with a young population smaller than the mass market will determine what the older people, the knowledge society, a society will be people older and younger than bosses and subordinates.
On the other hand, the one-dimensional character the economic system in the info-rich countries has caused human primary issues and the need to be treated as such are not considered appropriate in these societies, this is causing the growth of nonprofit organizations that respond to this problem and therefore, the development of what is known as civil society.
These manifestations of the knowledge society it determined that the nonprofit organization is more important than the new economy.

the new economy.

The impact resulted in the development and applications technology information and communications and their actions in macroeconomics and microeconomics is known as the paradigm of a new economy, its key features are:

• E-commerce that allows the presence of the products or services in virtually any market soon .
• knowledge as a component that adds more value to the product or service.
• economic consumer culture demanding excellence in the bid.
• The speed of change in technologies that are their specific support.

The central or main challenge is represented by the Electronic Commerce that will impact all deals
products and services to separate sale because the purchase order has to be centralized, but the delivery is completely decentralized.
On the other hand eliminates the distance, the seller is in any place and order can come from anywhere else, requires a different organization from that of most business today and therefore is the main cause of the transformation of current business organization.

Company The company we know today and which emerged in the nineteenth century the employee works full time and depend entirely on it, has more power than any of its customers as the best informed products and services offered to them. In every industry there is a unique technology and vice versa and the more integrated is more efficient.

In the company of the Company's future knowledge worker is the most important asset and therefore it rather than employee must be taken into account as a partner. The number of workers who are not employed full time and continue working while health permits will increase. Electronic commerce will make the most productive way to organize is disintegrating, the technological revolution will remove the unique technologies for each type of business and the Internet allow the client has the information that makes it more powerful than the company.

As we can see the scenario in which the company was found, as we know it today in the knowledge society is totally different from yesterday, you can even claim to be paradoxical So SURVIVE the company under these new conditions imposed by the human capital, electronic commerce and information technology and communications?
the company's ability to survive in this new scenario will depend on its ability to incorporate in the shortest time possible competencies and skills directly related to change management (innovation), knowledge management (KM) and the update of its human capital a permanent training of excellence.

Innovation

Innovation is fundamentally an economic issue is not technology, is a systematic discipline, organized and thorough. Requires a shift from what happened yesterday, instead of defending it. Implies that identify in a systematic way the changes that are happening outside the company (in demography, values, technology, science, etc..) And that they be taken as OPPORTUNITIES.
The current corporate management almost always has a system of information on what happens INSIDE the company and what more needs to innovate business management is knowing that this happening outside it (the extended enterprise) .

The Extended Enterprise
The Extended Enterprise aims to identify, search and gather information relevant , the use of such information in the creation of new knowledge conservation internally and externally acquired knowledge and information sharing within and outside the organization .
basic features of the Extended Enterprise provide for specialization in their roles for continuous learning of a personal vision and shared commitments; network to provide effective communication to take advantage of integration synergies, horizontal design project teams to facilitate the establishment of cooperation agreements. All this geared towards a more efficient and effective knowledge management (KM).

Knowledge Management
Knowledge differs from all other production means you can not inherit or bequeath , must be acquired again for all individuals, all have to start from scratch, I Hence a new paradigm for equality among human beings.
Knowledge management is essentially culture and is the system to interact implicit experience (experts), with the explicit (documents) and vice versa to achieve share knowledge. Knowledge and Intellectual Capital in the organization can be found as: Human Capital (individual); Capital Structure (organizational) and Relational Capital (values).
As costs of education and human health knowledge of primary services, have tripled the gap body the info-rich and the rest will grow behold a serious challenge for society of the future.
The new economy, characterized by the power of information technology and communications
the economy relies heavily on knowledge workers.

Training Of Excellence
The main capital of the new economy requires constant updating, through training of excellence, which should address the need for acquiring knowledge science and technology, to allow for greater decentralization in decision-making, management advanced into the company and the general use of technology information and communications out, so that they can constantly improve processes and incorporate new cultural and professional paradigms.
The new profiles require training aimed to ensure staff put more effort into what should be achieved rather than what to do; increased responsibility; broader view of the processes in which the entity is involved, a strong orientation control, monitoring and value formation.
the organization's ability to achieve excellent training, be decisive for it can face the new scenario in which to develop, characterized by high competitiveness in the global market.
This excellent training will be increasingly online, in virtual space, where not need the school and university buildings we know today. The courses will be broadcast thanks to television, computer and especially Internet. However, this corroborating that distance learning, using information technology and communications, emphasizes the training of personnel in both general education and in vocational training.

The Executive Director
Historically the need to pioneer the use of new technologies and the change has not been taken into account for senior executives of an organization, for example, in 1882 he convened a conference executive, on the administration, whose theme was "how have you stop afraid of the telephone." Not attended one since for executives then the phone was for subordinates.
Similar things happened with the executives in the 60's, with respect to computer use. Today
executives know they have to use that wonderful tool, which is the computer, but now most important is not the use of this powerful weapon, but What?, For what? and how often that? and again used for many executives syndrome, that these questions are for junior occurs in connection with the information.
say that the head of information is responsible for the information, is a costly mistake in Business Management, Computer Science as the director of the tool does, but executive director is the need to use .
changes caused by innovation in the organization (internal) and how to conduct the business now on (external) will give executives face the formidable task to learn to use the information. So are they, not the heads of information technology, responsible for information.
the organization's ability to invest in excellent training, be a premise for learn to use the information necessary to achieve competitiveness in the global market.

The Future Executive Director
In the future work of the Executive Director will be much more complex than any they have to know when we have to integrate financial objectives with the need strengthen and maintain a business, when to treat the employee as a partner and as a subordinate and as be important in a different way.
The executive director of the future will transform the corporate governance and the concepts and techniques associated , act as a leader and as a member of its employees make more productive worker knowle ent, create new policies on information and knowledge when change is an opportunity and the manager it. In order to exercise its leadership must meet five premises, these are: learn to

• BE LEARNING
• CONVIVIR
• INFORMARS
• CHANGE

Information

The information should be seen as a tool for a specific job. We must learn to use unified information systems and integrated accounting and data on what happens within the company, using information systems to tell us what is happening outside the company ; use the information to know what might happen or what could make it happen ( the change) and knowledge management.
The use of information executives have much to learn from the military command, these know that the best way to defend is to attack but to act on the enemy positions should know you can do this, For example, the strategy that the best way to win a war , by a weak country against a more powerful, is to avoid it, rests on the assumption that if the powerful blasts, must pay a high cost life and this is essentially the information that the weak must disclose to the fort.
Another example was the nuclear balance in the era of the Cold War, both fields contain the each other on the basis of parity in nuclear weapons of mass destruction that guaranteed destruction of both parties, there would victor nor vanquished in this information so the enemy could me was more important than what I could do it if he could destroy had no case to confrontation.
In the field of management today, we have within the organization systems information: Integrated Systems Management (ERP); Systems Business Intelligence (BI) and Knowledge Management (KM). Outside the organization have Systems for the Management of Customer Relationship (CRM) for Management Customer Importance (CVM) and Business Process Management (BPM).

Business Management
If important is the change in the company's future, which must be antithetical to the current, extremely important is the role for management, it will have to move to new paradigms that have note that personnel management policies will be fully different from today, the most important for the management of the institution will be out of it. To exist and prosper, every organization will have to become an agent of change and new technology will be the backbone for economic change.
The current paradigm postulates of business management are the "balance" as the standard of a healthy economy, the "monetary and fiscal policies" are the drivers of the economy and technology is an "externality."
The new principles for the paradigm shift will be: "creative destruction" which is the process by which emerging markets with new products and applications are created at the expense of old, this results in a "dynamic imbalance" that is the true pattern of modern economic activity and the "new technology" which is the principal agent for the process of creative destruction. These assumptions are antithetical to those currently existing.
Business Management in the near future and will develop in an environment characterized by the knowledge society, an economy hit by innovation, extended enterprise and managing change.

Conclusions:

• known Business Management is history.
• Business Management going forward is a challenge.
• Business Management This is the gift that tells the story to meet the challenge

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Management Tools: Business

Business Diagnostics is a simple tool and very useful for the purposes of meeting the current situation an organization and the problems that impede their growth, survival or development.
With this type of diagnosis can identify the main causes of the problems 'roots', so as to focus future efforts on finding the most effective measures and avoid wasting energy.

While this work is often done by consultants or individuals outside the organization, there are many cases that are effected by the officers of the company. In this article we discuss two methodological options for diagnosis. Each of these can be useful, depending on the conditions and situations they wish to resolve in each case.

Definition According to the dictionary of the English Royal Academy, the word diagnosis comes from the Greek "Diagnosis," which means "knowledge." In the corporate world when it comes to diagnosis refers to those activities to determine the current status of a company and the obstacles to achieve the desired results.
There is great diversity of methodologies and typologies for diagnostic studies in companies, and each focuses on a particular aspect of business life. Some emphasize the production process, other aspects related to the market and consumers.

diagnoses can be sorted into two main business types: the "integral" and "specific." The former are characterized by displaying a wide range of variables or business aspects. As a good example of this category, you can mention the "Diagnosis of Competitiveness" developed and implemented by the Federal Council of Investments in most provinces, through the Federal Program of Competitiveness. The methodology is based on a study of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT), working with a wide range of variables from different categories that are scored by the consultant in charge of the work
.

As , diagnoses "specific" emphasize production processes, financial, managerial, and other aspects related to the market and consumers.

Guidelines for effective diagnosis

Whatever the chosen approach for the diagnosis (comprehensive or specific), there are four basic steps that lead to a job concise, complete and innovative results:
The first is to establish the evaluation parameter. This requires paying attention to markets or customers that are of interest to those responsible for the company.
The second step is to obtain a clear and detailed information on current status of the production system of the company. To achieve this, resources are used as recording interviews (written or recordings), photographs, films, direct observation, etc.
The third is to determine the degree of achievement of the parameter set, and, if possible, set a percentage range.
Finally, the fourth step should be a key question: Why can not achieve the benchmarks established in the company? In many cases the causes (answers) to this question are remote in space or time.
To find the answers, it is considered appropriate to use the approach proposed by Norton and Kaplan, which is displayed on the integrated company from four perspectives:

• Financial Perspective: is the vision of numbers and the company's financial situation, studying the levels of investment, financing policies, economic performance, the use and application of funds business, etc.
• Customer Perspective: From this perspective focus aspects of the customers to whom the organization is headed.
• internal process perspective:
• is time to analyze the production processes of the organization, studying their efficiency and correspondence with the rest of the organization.
• Perspective on staff skills and organization: Finally, we analyzed the capacity of staff and the gap that may exist between the skills required for efficient operation of production processes and the current capacity of staff.

These four perspectives allow abarcaraquellos most important aspects of business phenomenon. Column

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Sergio Romagnoli

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